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| Whiteworks | |
|---|---|
Remains of tin mining at Whiteworks | |
Location within Devon | |
| OS grid reference | SX 612710 |
| Shire county | |
| Region | |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | PRINCETOWN |
| Postcode district | PL20 |
| Police | Devon and Cornwall |
| Fire | Devon and Somerset |
| Ambulance | South Western |
| |
Whiteworks (or White Works) is a former mining hamlet near the town of Princetown, within Dartmoor National Park, in the English county of Devon. Tin mining is central to the history of settlement at Whiteworks, which was once home to one of Dartmoor's largest tin mines. The original cottages and their inhabitants were related to this industry, until the area became used increasingly for farming in the 20th century. The site has now largely been abandoned, although Whiteworks is still on the route of many walks including Abbots Way Walk passes 500 m to the west.
Geography[edit]
Whiteworks is situated in an area of open moorland about 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Princetown, overlooking the notoriously dangerous Fox Tor Mires. A difficult path leads across the mires to Fox Tor itself, which lies about 1.5 kilometres (1 mi) south-east of the hamlet. Vehicle access to Whiteworks is via a narrow dead-end road branching off from the B3212 at Princetown. This road is an extension of the one constructed by Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt to his property at Tor Royal.[1]
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The granite at Whiteworks has been subject to a process of kaolinisation: the feldspar minerals have decomposed to form a white clay known as kaolin.[2] As a result, when the tin ore cassiterite was mined there, it was white in colour, giving the name 'White Works' to the site.
There are a few species of moss particular to the Whiteworks area, namely Polytrichum urnigerum, which is found in streams, and Bryum turbinatum.[3][4]
History[edit]
According to the evidence of stannary rolls, tin working at the Whiteworks mine site dates back to 1180, when it was associated with mediaeval field systems on the eastern edge of Fox Tor.[5] More active mining began around 1790, when the Industrial Revolution began to fuel demand for tin, while also providing the technology to move from opencast mining to subsurface methods, previously impossible on the difficult Dartmoor terrain.[6] Initially, there were no tin smelting houses operating in Devon, so Whiteworks sent tin ore to Calenick Smelting House, near the Cornish town of Truro.[7]
Mining continued irregularly during the 19th century, accompanied by drainage work designed to make the Fox Tor Mire safer.[8] During part of this time the mine was one of the largest on Dartmoor, along with Eylesbarrow and Gobbet.[1][9] At the beginning of the 1870s, for example, the mine produced 8–9 tons of tin ore per year.[10] At this time, the mine was owned by Tavistock-based mining entrepreneur Moses Bawden.[11]
By the 1880s the mine was disused,[12][13] although a revival of ore values at the beginning of the 20th century meant that mining activity was briefly recommenced. Mining at the site then ceased completely in 1914.[6] For these final years of activity, the mine was under shared ownership with Golden Dagger Mine and Hexworthy Mine.[14] Around the turn of the century, a new farmhouse had also been constructed,[15] and with the cessation of mining activity, the land around Whiteworks was increasingly used for livestock farming and breeding animals such as ponies.[11]
By the 1980s, Whiteworks had mostly been abandoned and some of the buildings, including the farmhouse, were demolished by the Dartmoor National Park Authority.[15] A few cottages remain complete, one of which is owned by Plymouth College and used as a base for outdoor activities. Other buildings, related to previous mining or farming activities, lie in ruins, interspersed with the fenced-off remains of mine shafts. These ruins, combined with the surrounding geography, make Whiteworks a popular location for hikers, especially on walks starting in Princetown.The annual Abbots Way Walk on the 1st Sunday in October on its way from Buckfast Abbey to Tavistock pass with 500 m of Whiteworks.
Cultural references[edit]
The hamlet appears in the novel Miser's Money, by Dartmoor author Eden Phillpotts. The area around Whiteworks also provided inspiration to Arthur Conan Doyle for the Sherlock Holmes story The Hound of the Baskervilles: it is believed that the Fox Tor Mire is the location of the fictional Grimpen Mire, which would place Baskerville Hall on the site of the cottages at Whiteworks.[16]
References[edit]
- ^ abCrossing, William (1901). A Hundred Years on Dartmoor. pp. 30–35.
- ^'Tor Formation'(PDF). Dartmoor National Park Authority. February 2002. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^Rowe, Samuel (1848). A perambulation of the antient & royal forest of Dartmoor, and the Venville precincts. Plymouth: J.B. Rowe. p. 223.
- ^Jones, John Pike (1829). Flora Devoniensis. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. p. 105.
- ^Gearey, B.R. (1997). 'The landscape context of medieval settlement on the south-western moors of England. Recent Palaeoenvironmental evidence from Bodmin Moor and Dartmoor'(PDF). Medieval Archaeology. 41: 195–210. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
- ^ abEhlen, J.; Haneberg, W.C.; Larson, R.A. (2005). 'Effects of human activity on lineation analysis'. Humans as Geological Agents. Geological Society of America. pp. 15–16.
- ^Greeves, Tom (1996). 'Tin smelting in Devon in the 18th and 19th centuries'. Mining History: The Bulletin of the Peak District Mines Historical Society. 13 (2): 84–90.
- ^Baring-Gould, Sabine (1900). A Book of Dartmoor. New Amsterdam.
- ^Lysons, Samuel (1822). Magna Brittania, Volume 6. London. p. 281.
- ^Hunt, Robert (1870). Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. London. pp. 7–8.
- ^ abCrossing, William (1965). Crossing's Guide to Dartmoor. David & Charles. p. 106.
- ^Ward, C.S.; Baddeley, M.J.B. (1884). South Devon and South Cornwall, including Dartmoor and the Scilly Isles. Dulau & Co.
- ^William Henry Kearley, Wright (1884). The Western Antiquary, Volume 3. Latimer & Son.
- ^Popham, Chris (April 2009). 'Tin Extraction on Dartmoor'(PDF). Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ ab'Is a National Park Good for Dartmoor? – A Debate on the Past 50 Years and the Future'. The Dartmoor Society. September 2001. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ^MacDonald, Guy (2004). England. New Holland Publishers. p. 356.